Pearl

Auteur:	Texte généralement attribué au Pearl Poet.
Titre:
Date:
Commanditaire:
Dédicataire:
Langue:	Anglais
Genre:
Forme:	101 douzains de vers (1212 vers)
Contenu:
Incipit:	Perle plesaunte to prynces paye, to clanly clos in golde so clere! oute of Oryent, I hardyly saye, ne proued I neuer her precios pere…
Explicit:	… þat, in þe forme of bred & wyn, þe preste vus scheweȝ vch a daye. He gef vus to be his homly hyne, ande precious perleȝ vnto his pay. Amen. Amen.

Manuscrits

London, British Library, Cotton, Nero A. X/2, f. 41r-59v [⇛ Description]

Éditions anciennes

Éditions modernes

Early English Alliterative Poems, in the West-Midland Dialect of the Fourteenth Century. Copied and edited from a unique manuscript in the library of the British Museum, Cotton, Nero A. X with an introduction, notes, and glossarial index, by Richard Morris. Second edition, revised, London, Trübner (Early English Text Society. Original Series, 1), 1869, xliv + 216 p. (ici p. 1-36) [GB] [HT] [IA]
Édition antérieure:
- Early English Alliterative Poems, in the West-Midland Dialect of the Fourteenth Century. Copied and edited from a unique manuscript in the library of the British Museum, with an introduction, notes, and glossarial index, by Richard Morris, London, Trübner (Early English Text Society. Original Series, 1), 1864, xli + 216 p. [GB] [HT] [IA]
Réimpressions:
- Early English Alliterative Poems, in the West-Midland Dialect of the Fourteenth Century. Copied and edited from a unique manuscript in the library of the British Museum, Cotton, Nero A. X with an introduction, notes, and glossarial index, by Richard Morris. Third reprint, London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co. (Early English Text Society. Original Series, 1), 1896, xliv + 216 p. [GB] [IA]
- Early English Alliterative Poems, in the West-Midland Dialect of the Fourteenth Century, edited from the unique manuscript British Museum MS. Cotton Nero A. X by Richard Morris, London, New York et Toronto, Oxford University Press (Early English Text Society. Original Series, 1), 1965, xliv + 216 p. [HT]
The Pearl, a Middle English poem edited with introduction, notes, and glossary by Charles G. Osgood, Jr., Boston et London, Heath (The Belles-Lettres Series. Section II: Middle English Literature), 1906, lix + 202 p. [GB] [IA: ex. 1, ex. 2]
Pearl, an English poem of the XIVth century: edited, with modern rendering, together with Boccaccio's Olympia, by Sir Israel Gollancz, London, Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press (Select Early English Poems, 8), 1921, lii + 285 p. [HT] [IA]
Éditions antérieures:
- Pearl, an English poem of the fourteenth century edited with a modern rendering by Sir Israel Gollancz, London, Nutt, 1891, lii + 141 p. [GB] [HT] [IA: ex. 1, ex. 2]
- Pearl, an English poem of the XIVth century: edited, with modern rendering, together with Boccaccio's Olympia, by Sir Israel Gollancz, London, Chatto and Windus (The Medieval Library), 1921, lii + 285 p. [HT] [IA]
Réimpression:
- New York, Cooper Square Publishers, 1966
Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose, edited by Kenneth Sisam, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1921, xlvii + 292 p. (ici p. 57-67) [GB] [HT] [IA]
Réimpressions:
- 1923
- 1924
- 1927
- 1933
- 1937 (with corrections)
- 1944
- 1946
- 1948
- 1950
- 1955 (with corrections)
- 1959
- 1962
- Fourteenth Century Verse and Prose, edited by Kenneth Sisam, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1964, xlvii + 292 p. [HT] [IA]
Édition d'un extrait d'après le ms. unique.
Pearl, Cleanness, Patience and Sir Gawain, reproduced in facsimile from the unique ms. Cotton Nero A. X in the British Museum, with introduction by Sir I. Gollancz, London, Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press (Early English Text Society. Original Series, 162), 1923, 44 p. + [179] p. de pl. — Réimpr.: 1931; 1955; 1971; 2007.
Pearl, éd. E. V. Gordon, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1953.
"Pearl", "Cleanness", "Patience", "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight", Edited with an Introduction by A. C. Cawley and J. J. Anderson, London, Dent, 1962, 258 p.
The Pearl: mediaeval text with a literal translation and interpretation by Sister Mary Vincent Hillmann; introduction and additional bibliography by Edward Vasta, Notre Dame et London, University of Notre Dame Press, 1967, xxi + 175 p.
Édition antérieure:
- The Pearl, mediaeval text with a literal translation and interpretation by sister Mary Vincent Hillmann, New York, College of Saint Elizabeth Press, 1961, xvi + 175 p.
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight; Pearl; Cleanness; Patience, edited by J. J. Anderson, London, Everyman (Everyman's Library), 1976, xxv + 319 p. — Réimpr.: 1996.
The Works of the Gawain-Poet, éd. Charles Moorman, Jackson, University Press of Mississippi, 1977, xii + 452 p.
The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript: "Pearl", "Cleanness", "Patience", "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" edited by Malcolm Andrew and Ronald Waldron, London, Arnold (York Medieval Texts. Second Series), 1978, 376 p. — 2^e éd.: Exeter, University of Exeter (Exeter Medieval English Texts), 1987. — 3^e éd.: 1996. — 4^e éd.: 2002. — 5^e éd.: Fully revised fifth edition with new introduction and incorporating prose translation on CD-ROM, 2007.
The Pearl Poems: an omnibus edition edited by William Vantuono, New York, Garland (Renaissance Imagination, 5-6), 1984, 2 t. (ici t. 1) ISBN: 9780824054502, 9780824054519
The Pearl Poem in Middle and modern English, edited and translated by William Vantuono, Lanham, University Press of America, 1987, xxx + 110 p.
Pearl: an edition with verse translation translated by William Vantuono, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1995, xxxiii + 255 p.
The Complete Works of the Pearl Poet, translated with an introduction by Casey Finch; facing-page Middle English texts edited by Malcolm Andrew and Ronald Waldron, Clifford Peterson, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1993, xi + 476 p.
Pearl, edited and translated by Thorlac Turville-Petre, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press (Exeter Medieval Texts and Studies), 2021, 224 p. ISBN: 9781800859999
Compte rendu:
Craig R. Davis, dans The Medieval Review, 23.08.12, 2023. [www]

Traductions modernes

en anglais:
- Pearl, a fourteenth-century poem rendered into modern English by G. G. Coulton, London, Nutt, 1906, viii + 51 p. [GB] [IA: ex. 1, ex. 2]
- Pearl, rendered into modern English verse by S. Weir Mitchell, New York, The Century Co., 1906, 57 p. [GB] [IA: ex. 1, ex. 2]
- The Pearl, an anonymous English poem of the fourteenth century rendered in prose by Charles G. Osgood, Jr., Princeton, by the translator, 1907, xvii + 62 p. [GB] [HT] [IA]
- The Pearl, a Middle English poem; a modern version in the metre of the original by Sophie Jewett, New York, Crowell, 1908, xvi + 103 p. [GB] [IA: ex. 1, ex. 2]
- The Pearl, an English vision-poem of the fourteenth century done into modern verse by Marian Mead, Portland, Mosher (Old World Series), 1908, xxiii + 69 p. [GB] [IA: ex. 2]
- Pearl, rendered into modern English verse by S. Weir Mitchell, Portland, Mosher, 1908, [xii] + 28 p. [GB] [IA]
- Pearl: an English poem of the fourteenth century re-set in modern English by Prof. I. Gollancz, London, Jones, 1918. [HT] [IA]
- The Complete Works of the Gawain-Poet, in a modern English version with a critical introduction by John Gardner, Chicago et London, University of Chicago Press, 1965, 347 p.
- The Pearl-Poet: his Complete Works, translated, with an introduction by Margaret Williams, New York, Vintage Books, 1967, viii + 348 p. — Réimpr.: 1970.
- "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight", "Pearl" and "Sir Orfeo" translated by J. R. R. Tolkien, London, Allen and Unwin, 1975, 148 p. — 2^nd ed., edited by Christopher Tolkien, London, Harper Collins, 2006, vii + 158 p.
- Pearl: a new verse translation by Marie Borroff, New York, Norton, 1977.
- Vantuono 1984 (voir sous Éditions modernes)
- Finch, Andrew, Waldron et Peterson 1993 (voir sous Éditions modernes)
- Vantuono 1995 (voir sous Éditions modernes)
- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Patience, and Pearl: Verse Translations [by] Marie Borroff, New York, Norton, 2001, 193 p.
- The Gawain Poet Complete Works: Patience; Cleanness; Pearl; Saint Erkenwald; Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Verse translations by Marie Borroff, New York et London, Norton, 2011, xxv + 306 p.
- Turville-Petre 2021 (voir sous Éditions modernes)

Études

Barootes, B. S. W., « "O perle": apostrophe in Pearl », Studies in Philology, 113:4, 2016, p. 739-764. DOI: 10.1353/sip.2016.0027
Barr, Jessica, Willing to Know God: Dreamers and Visionaries in the Later Middle Ages, Colombus, Ohio State University Press, 2010, x + 262 p. [handle.net]
Compte rendu: Elan Justice Pavlinich, dans Modern Language Studies, 45:2, 2016.
Beal, Jane, et Mark Bradshaw Busbee, éd., Approaches to Teaching the Middle English Pearl, New York, Modern Language Association (Approaches to Teaching World Literature), 2018, xi + 262 p. ISBN: 9781603292924
Compte rendu:
Marisa Sikes, dans The Medieval Review, 20.05.21, 2020. [www]
Bishop, I., Pearl in its Setting: A Critical Study of the Structure and Meaning of the Middle English Poem, Oxford, Blackwell, 1968.
Blanch, Robert J., éd., "Sir Gawain" and "Pearl": Critical Essays, Bloomington, Indiana University Press (A Midland Book, 93), 1966, 274 p.; réimpr.: 1971.
Blenkner, Louis, « The theological structure of Pearl », Traditio, 24, 1968, p. 43-75.
Borroff, Marie, « Pearl's "maynful mone": crux, simile, and structure », Acts of Interpretation: The Text in its Contexts 700-1600, éd. Mary J. Carruthers et Elizabeth D. Kirk, Norman, Pilgrim Books, 1982, p. 159-172.
Burrow, J. A., The Gawain-Poet, Plymouth, Northcote House (Writers and Their Work), 2001, v + 70 p.
Carson, Angela, « Aspects of elegy in the Middle English Pearl », Studies in Philology, 62, 1965, p. 17-27.
Carruthers, M. J., « Invention, mnemonics, and stylistic ornament in Psychomachia and Pearl », The Endless Knot: Essays on Old and Middle English in Honor of Marie Borroff, éd. M. T. Tavormina et R. F. Yeager, Cambridge, Brewer, 1995, p. 201-213.
Chance, Jane, « Allegory and structure in Pearl: the four senses of the ars praedicandi and fourteenth-century homiletic poetry », Text and Matter: New Critical Perspectives of the Pearl-Poet, éd. Robert J. Blanch, Miriam Youngerman Miller et Julian N. Wasserman, Troy (NY), Whitston, 1991, p. 31-60.
Clark, S. L., et J. Wasserman, « The Pearl Poet's city imagery », Southern Quarterly, 16 1978, p. 297-309.
Conley, John, « Pearl and a lost tradition », The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 54, 1955, p. 332-347.
Conley, John, éd., The Middle English "Pearl": Critical Essays, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1970.
Davenport, W. A., The Art of the Gawain-Poet, London, Athlone Press, 1978, xiii + 233 p.
Elias, Natanela, The Gnostic Paradigm: Forms of Knowing in English Literature of the Late Middle Ages, New York, Palgrave Macmillan (The New Middle Ages), 2015, [xv] + 191 p. ISBN: 9781137474766
Emerson, O. F., « Imperfect lines in Pearl and the rimed parts of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight », Modern Philology, 19, 1921, p. 131-141.
Emerson, O. F., « More notes on The Pearl », Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, 42, 1927, p. 807-831.
Emerson, O. F., « Some notes on The Pearl », Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, 37, 1922, p. 52-93.
Everett, Dorothy, « Pearl », Chaucer and His Contemporaries, éd. Helaine Newstead, New York, Fawcett, 1968, p. 299-309.
Fischer, Joseph, Die stabende Langzeile in den Werken des Gawaindichters, Darmstadt, Otto's Hofbuchdruckerei, 1900, 76 p. [GB] [IA]
Fletcher, J. B., « The allegory of The Pearl », The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 20, 1921, p. 1.
Fuhrmann, Johannes, Die alliterierenden Sprachformeln in Morris' "Early English Alliterative Poems" und im "Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight", Hamburg, Hintel's Buchdruckerei, 1886, 84 p. [GB] [IA]
Gordon, E. V., et C. T. Onions, « Notes on the text and interpretation of Pearl », Medium Ævum, 1:2, 1932, p. 126-136. [jstor.org]
Hamilton, M. P., « The meaning of the Middle English Pearl », PMLA, 70, 1955, p. 805-824.
Hatt, Cecilia A., God and the Gawain-Poet: Theology and Genre in "Pearl", "Cleanness", "Patience", and "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight", Cambridge, Brewer, 2015, x + 249 p. ISBN: 9781843844198
Heiserman, A. R., « The plot of Pearl », PMLA, 80, 1965, p. 164-171.
Hieatt, Constance, « Pearl and the dream-vision tradition », Studia neophilologica, 37, 1965, p. 139-145.
Hillman, Mary Vincent, « Some debatable words in Pearl and its theme », The Middle English Pearl: Critical Essays, éd. John Conley, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 1970, p. 9-17.
Hoffman, Stanton De Voren, « The Pearl: notes for an interpretation », Modern Philology, 58, 1960, p. 73-80.
Johnson, W. S., « The imagery and diction of The Pearl », ELH, 20, 1953.
Kean, P. M., The "Pearl": An Interpretation, New York, Barnes and Noble, 1967.
Knigge, Friedrich, Die Sprache des Dichters von Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, der sogenannten Early English Alliterative Poems und De Erkenwalde. Teil I. Lautlehre, Marburg, Elwert'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1886, [iii] + 120 p. [GB] [IA]
Édition antérieure:
- Knigge, Friedrich, Die Sprache des Dichters von Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, der sogenannten Early English Alliterative Poems und De Erkenwalde. Teil I. Lautlehre, Marburg, Elwert'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1886, 120 p. [GB] [IA]
Kottler, Barnet, et Alan M. Markman, A Concordance to Five Middle English Poems: "Clenness", "St. Erkenwald", "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight", "Patience", "Pearl", Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1966, xxxiii + 761 p.
Luttrell, Claude, « The introduction to the dream in Pearl », Medium Ævum, 47, 1978, p. 274-291.
Madaleva, Sister Mary, Pearl: A Study in Spiritual Dryness, New York, Appleton, 1925.
Moorman, Charles, « The role of the narrator in Pearl », Modern Philology, 53, 1955, p. 73-81.
Parr, Roger P., « Rhetoric and symbol in the Pearl », Studies in Medieval Culture, 3, 1970, p. 177-187.
Piehler, Paul, The Visionary Landscape: A Study in Medieval Allegory, London, Arnold, 1971, [viii] + 170 p.
Comptes rendus: O. Barfield, dans Medium Ævum, 42, 1973, p. 84-91. — K. A. Bleeth, dans Speculum, 47, 1972, p. 138-141. — C. Witke, dans Romance Philology, 30:2, 1976-1977, p. 268-271.
Poirion, Daniel, « Narcisse et Pygmalion dans le Roman de la Rose », Essays in Honor of Louis Francis Solano, éd. Raymond J. Cormier et Urban T. Holmes, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press (North Carolina Studies in the Romance Languages and Literatures, 92), 1970, p. 153-165. [IA]
Compte rendu du recueil: Gianni Mombello, dans Studi francesi, 43, 1971, p. 124.
Putter, Ad, « The ways and words of the hunt: notes on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, The Master of Game, Sir Tristrem, Pearl, and Saint Erkenwald », The Chaucer Review, 40, 2006, p. 354-385.
Rhodes, Jim, Poetry Does Theology: Chaucer, Grosseteste, and the Pearl-Poet, Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame Press, 2001, xi + 324 p.
Robertson, D. W., « The pearl as a symbol », Modern Language Notes, 65, 1950, p. 155-161.
Savage, Henry Lyttleton, The Gawain-Poet: Studies in his Personality and Background, Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1956, xviii + 236 p.
Schofield, William Henry, « The nature and fabric of The Pearl », Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, 19:1, 1904, p. 154-215. [HT] [IA] DOI: 10.2307/456475
Schofield, William Henry, « Symbolism, allegory, and autobiography in The Pearl », Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, 24:4, 1909, p. 585-675. [GB] [HT] [IA] DOI: 10.2307/456801
Schwahn, F., Die Conjugation in "Sir Gawayn and the Green Knight" und den sogenannten "Early English Alliterative Poems". Ein Beitrag zur mittelenglischen Grammatik, Strassburg, Heitz, 1884, 27 p. [GB] [IA]
Sklute, Larry M., « Expectation and fulfillment in Pearl », Philological Quarterly, 52, 1973, p. 663-679.
Spearing, A. C., « Symbolic and dramatic development in Pearl », Modern Philology, 60:1, 1962, p. 1-12. [jstor.org]
Spearing, A. C., Textual Subjectivity: The Encoding of Subjectivity in Medieval Narratives and Lyrics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, viii + 273 p.
Stanbury, Sarah, « Feminist masterplots: the gaze on the body of Pearl's dead girl », Feminist Approaches to the Body in Medieval Literature, éd. Linda Lomperis et Sarah Stanbury, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press (New Cultural Studies), 1993, p. 96-115. [IA]
Réimpression:
- 1994
Stern, Milton R., « An approach to The Pearl », The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 54:4, 1955, p. 684-692. [jstor.org]
Watts, Ann Chalmers, « Pearl, inexpressibility, and poems of human loss », PMLA, 99:1, 1984, p. 26-40. DOI: 10.2307/462033
Wilson, Edward, « The "gostly drem" in Pearl », Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, 69:1, 1968, p. 90-101. [jstor.org]

Bibliographie